Chaga Mushroom (Inonotus obliquus)
Wild chaga mushroom on a birch tree at the Kõrvemaa Nature Reserve in Estonia (we didn’t harvest it, though).
Chaga was one of the first natural adaptogens I was introduced to at the ripe age of 27. I find it an utter travesty that this miraculous natural whole food supplement wasn’t talked about more while growing up in the 90s in the Anglosphere, so I thought it would be too important not to write an article dedicated to it, and to help spread the knowledge and wisdom for generations to come.
As I write this, summer solstice is just about to hit at latitude 44, and knowing how much time I’ve been spending in the sun building up my solar callus (without toxic sunscreen) throughout the spring, I’ve been starting to add chaga to my herbal tonics as a natural form of sun support (along with a colourful, healthy, whole foods diet that can act as an internal sunscreen—I am the human clinical study in action, n=1). Chaga is loaded with melanin which can repair your DNA as great support all year round, especially during the summer months when ideally your body is exposed to more sunshine. Chaga can also protect against radiation damage, whether from time spent on airplanes during a summer vacay, x-ray scanners, radiation-based cancer treatments, or environmental nnEMF from modern urban areas and industrial living.
“It’s very, very powerful. And science is now starting to figure out why.”
Chaga is technically not a mushroom; rather it is a flat-pored polypore fungus that grows symbiotically on or below the outer surface of dead trees, most notably the birch trees in the boreal forests. It is native to many areas around the northern hemisphere with cold habitats, including northern and eastern Europe, northern parts of the US and Canada, Russia, and Korea. Throughout the ages, chaga mushroom has been referred to as “the king of mushrooms”, “diamond of the forest”, “a gift from God”, and “herb of immortality”. It has been used throughout human history as a natural folk remedy. Chaga is slow-growing, resembles a tumour and eventually kills its host tree (acting as a forest decomposer, helping recycle nutrients and minerals from dead or dying trees), and unsurprisingly, one of its healing powers is preventing cancer and anti-tumour effects by slowing tumour growth - whether it be with human lung adenocarcinoma, hepatocellular carcinoma, or breast cancer (funny how nature works like that).
Although chaga mushroom has been revered in ancient herbal traditions and is a folk remedy that has been enjoyed for centuries, it has experienced a resurgence in popularity in the Anglosphere, particularly among hippie health nuts, holistic bodybuilders, biohackers, mainstream influencers, counterculturalists and holistic nutrition communities alike (at least from what I’ve seen online). Cancer has also become a bigger topic for younger people, which might explain chaga’s growing popularity in the past 5-10 years as a game-changing part of a proactive, fearless, high-agency lifestyle and a natural or adjunct remedy. Chaga is often taken as a whole food supplement, usually available as a concentrated dual extract powder or tincture, and can be sustainably foraged in nature.
What is an adaptogen?
In herbal medicine, adaptogens are natural substances that help the body by exerting a normalizing effect on bodily processes, helping you achieve homeostasis, aka your body’s natural state of health. They help you overcome stress (whether mental or physical, self-inflicted or not), and unlike stimulants or depressants, they work with your body’s quest to reach balance with natural resilience. Simply put, you may be more confident in achieving your wildest goals in life and evolve to realize your highest state of superhuman. For example, looking back to when the pandemic hit, I was generally chill AF, civil and level-headed, capable of helping whoever needed it, and able to calmly hold space for people’s different opinions, respecting the sovereignty, autonomy and choices of each individual, while knowing that this too shall pass.
Chaga is a miracle from nature, a gift to human beings from the gods, and this article will wax poetic about it due to my own experience, but as with any substance, it is not always for everyone. Just because I’m writing about it doesn’t mean it’ll necessarily work for you! Adaptogens should generally be cycled on and off over a period of time, not taken chronically or in super large doses, and if you need to, please consult a knowledgeable holistic/functional/integrative practitioner first, and read the label. Personally, when I first learned about it, I did not consult any kind of practitioner, and intuitively felt that it would benefit my body. I’ve casually been enjoying it on and off over the years with breaks in between. The results it has gradually helped confer upon my life over the years have been fantastic.
“Chaga as an adaptogen is so efficient and effective in the sense that whenever your moods are low, it can boost your energy and give you the necessary impetus. At the same time, whenever you are feeling anxious or you are in stressful situations, it can calm you down to complete subtleness.”
Benefits of chaga mushroom (especially wild):
Antibacterial
Anti-inflammatory
Anti-tumour
Anti-viral (actively explored by virologists)
Anticancer
Antimicrobial
Blood sugar regulating (ability to improve insulin sensitivity, reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, and inhibit alpha-glucosidase activity)
Immune enhancer and modulator
Liver tonic
Aromatase inhibitor (significant for limiting the growth of breast cancer, like with many other medicinal mushrooms)
Combats sun damage, supports the skin with healthy, safe amounts of sun
Helps stabilize blood pressure
Increases metabolism
Supports endocrine system
Pain relief
Good for your gut microbiome
Cancer treatment (disclaimer: please consult a practitioner even if it’s used in an integrative way, but the research suggests it has serious potential in slowing the growth of cancer cells)
Can kill cancer cells
Reduces allergies and asthma
Removes certain parasites
Detoxifying (blood and liver)
Heart protective
Can slow down or even reverse liver fibrosis
Can help with bronchitis
Improves circulation
Intestinal protection
Loaded with the antioxidant melanin which can support the decalcification of the pineal gland, sharpening your intuition
Balances cholesterol (reduces the ‘bad’ and increases the ‘good’) since it is a vital source of plant-based sterols
Chemotherapy and radiation therapy protection
Fights all kinds of radiation damage to healthy tissue (including environmental nnEMFs)
Powerful antioxidant (super high on the ORAC scale) and source of superoxide dismutase (SOD) which halts oxidation, especially free radicals like singlet oxygen responsible for damaging tissues
Great source of panthothenic acid which aids the adrenal glands and digestive organs
Gives you access to the untold wisdom of the forest
One of nature’s richest sources of minerals rubidium, potassium, cesium and germanium (which helps keep the body alkaline) https://heal.me/articles/health-benefits-of-chaga-mushroom
The chaga that comes from birch trees are also rich in betulinic acid https://nstchemicals.com/biological-actions-of-betulinic-acid/ , which has been used to shrink some types of cancerous tumours, induce apoptosis, and impair metastasis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658785/ , https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2018.00481/full, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5790500/
Often used for improving cognitive function and reducing memory loss
Mushrooms in general contain several families of medicinally active constituents. Chaga is a source of 200+ phytonutrients and medicinally interesting compounds: anti-tumour compounds, water-soluble and water-insoluble hetero-polysaccharides, protein-bound polysaccharides, lanostane triterpenoids including inositol, betulin and analogues, and ergosterol peroxides
Significant source of riboflavin and niacin (making it a great coffee substitution and potential aid for tapering off of a coffee addiction. It has even been used as a coffee substitute in WWI and WWII)
Contains B & D vitamins, flavonoids, phenols, copper, calcium, potassium, manganese, zinc, iron, and enzymes
Empowers us to be more vibrant with a lighter tread, and to be more committed contributors to our planet and community
Fun Facts
Used traditionally to treat/prevent diabetes, cancers, tuberculosis, ulcers and heart disease, as well as a topical poultice from boiling the tea to heal cellular damage and prevent infection
It has been recorded by contemporary Russians that in the regions where Chaga was used historically, there was no record of cancer
It is used as a tonic to boost the immune system and promote overall health and wellness traditionally among many Indigenous/First Nations communities (but not most of the traditional Inuit, as there are no trees out there in the Arctic!)
Chaga extracts have traditionally been used among Mongolians in hair washing to maintain healthy hair
Reportedly successful in treating breast, lung, cervical, and stomach cancers (Hobbs, 1995).
Used as an anticancer drug in Russia (befungin) as early as 1955
Ryzmowska (1998) found that the water extract of chaga inhibited the growth of cervical cancer cells in vitro.
Burczyk et al. (1996) noted that some of the mushroom’s constituents had a limiting effect on cell divisions of cancerous cells
Mizuno and colleagues (1996) and Kahlos and others (1996) noted that crude fractions from this mushroom showed antiviral activity against HIV and influenza
Betulin, sourced from birch bark and/or chaga, has shown promise in treating malignant melanoma, completely inhibiting tumours implanted in mice and causing apoptosis of cancerous cells (Pisha et al. 1995; Duke 1999)
Likely, many of the precursors responsible for its betulin production have antiviral properties
Mushrooms are sources of ergosterols, thought to inhibit angiogenesis, the proliferation of blood vessels supporting tumours
This species is yet to be explored fully by medical scientists in the Anglosphere for its complete repertoire of antimicrobial and immune-enhancing properties
Possible mycorestoration candidate for preventing disease from more devastating blight organisms. Chaga has been used to heal blight infected trees suffering from Cryphonectria parasitica by crushing it into a chaga paste and applying it directly onto the tree’s wounds, wrapped with gauze to keep it in place, helping the trees become blight-resistant over a few years.
May also help keep rapid forest-destroying diseases at bay, and possibly consume radiation that enhances the growth of several species of melanin-rich fungi (from studies at Chernobyl, led by the Einstein College of Medicine of Yeshiva University, 2007).
Mushrooms are allies of people and the planet, capable of healing both the body and the earth through things like mycoremediation, and can even rescue us from our current spiral toward ecological collapse and massive extinction
Bioavailability
It is important to remember that the food and supplements we consume are only as potent as they are bioavailable, and if you practice proper digestion (for example, the Ayurvedic way). You are what you digest at the end of the day, and nutrient density can only go so far if you have gut dysbiosis, low stomach acid, low digestive enzymes and intestinal permeability, which can show up despite having your nutrition otherwise dialled in. So along with a properly prepared chaga extract, it’s a good idea to have all of that accounted for first!
In the case of chaga, simply grinding it up raw and putting it into a smoothie won’t do much to support your body as the bioavailability and medicinal value are almost non-existent. To actually benefit from your hard-earned chaga and its fat and water-soluble medicinal properties, chaga must be properly prepared from its raw state.
If you’ve sustainably harvested your own wild chaga, there are a few things you can do with it:
Simmer it in a slow cooker or pot for at least 30 minutes (some people even do up to 24 hours) to extract the water-soluble nutrients (like polyphenols and beta-glucans) in pristine spring water or RO filtered water;
Prepare your very own homemade tincture using high grade organic (GMO-free) alcohol, leaving it to sit for several months to extract the water insoluble components (like phytosterols and betulinic acid).
You can certainly reap the many medicinal benefits from simply simmering chunks of wild chaga in pristine spring water to make a chaga tea, especially if you’re out in nature cooking over a fire and don’t have the means to make a tincture, but you’ll miss out on the many additional benefits of a well-crafted tincture.
If you can’t be bothered preparing a chaga extract by yourself, I suggest investing in a well-crafted extract by a company you trust, and investigating the sourcing, preparation and extraction methods of your chaga. The most potent type of chaga supplement will be dual extracted. The dual extraction process is the best way to ensure that your chaga is as potent and bioavailable as it can be. If you opt for an alcohol-based tincture, also be sure to investigate the quality of alcohol used, since many brands use cheap alcohol that is often GMO - and could even have unfiltered tap water, which is horrendous.
Suro is a Canadian brand that uses great ingredients.
Many companies are doing the work for you today, and there are different forms of chaga supplement on the market. It all boils down to your preference. You can likely find sustainably sourced chaga at your nearest health food store. Many are dual-extract powders - like the ones at SuperFeast and Wild Bloom Botanicals. Many are chunks of raw chaga for tea - like from the brand Giddy Yo. Many are tinctures that use organic alcohol - like the brands Suro and Harmonic Arts, and Paul Stamets’ Host Defense, as well as Surthrival. Sun Potion is another great company with integrity, but their chaga powder is raw so the medicinal value is almost non-existent. If you can’t forage your own wild chaga (and other medicinal mushrooms and herbs), I suggest following your heart and going with a company that resonates with you.
This chaga tincture is certified organic, uses both mycelia and fruiting body, and uses only organic alcohol and pure spring water. One bottle lasts years in my pantry. It also uses local chaga sourced close to my current latitude, containing the ideal UV light information from the environment for my cells. Big win in my books.
Note: excessive amounts of chaga can introduce oxalates if it is raw and not properly prepared. There is no need to get neurotic or fearful (things like chocolate and spinach also have oxalates and they even have a hormetic effect at low doses), but be sure not to overdo it, and ensure your chaga has been extracted properly whether it is a powder, chunks for tea/bone broth, or a tincture. Take breaks from chaga consumption, like you would any other adaptogen.
Ethical and sustainable harvesting
Habitat matters, and influences the nutritional profiles of the mushrooms grown. Sunlight exposure plays a significant role in the vitamin D content of mushrooms and the conversion of ergosterol to provitamin D2. Full spectrum sunlight-exposed mushrooms can provide some vitamin D if you cannot get enough sun exposure on bare skin to create your own vitamin D (like through long winters), which is why wild foods are generally much more potent than cultivated and often indoor-grown foods.
Chaga grows naturally in the wild areas of the northern hemisphere, and will benefit you the most if you’re living in the same habitat. Chaga may be a gift to humanity, but it takes a LONG time to grow, so only take what you need, and always leave some behind on the tree to help it grow back in the future, keeping conservation and sustainability your priority. If you are harvesting wild chaga, please do not dig deep into the mycelium layer, which is a fuzzy mass of fungal-like threads between the conk and the tree. Damaging this layer will cause the conk to stop growing. If you leave it intact, you can return in 3-5 years to harvest more that grows back! Also, make sure that the chaga you harvest is from specimens smaller than your fist as these need more time to grow and mature first. Avoid birch trees from polluted areas or too close to roads, since toxins will be more concentrated.
Improper harvesting is always a huge concern - there are harmful practices that are becoming more popular in Canada, like harming the birch trees with logging spikes to climb trees to harvest chaga from higher places, or cutting living trees down to access the out-of-reach ones. Additionally, if all the chaga is taken from the host tree, it could succumb to infection or disease and actually cause the death of the tree since the chaga and the tree work symbiotically. The chaga will never grow back if that happens. Severe karmic repercussions in your life may result.
Luckily, in northern Canada, there is limited road access to wild places, which means that foragers can only access a small portion of the wild chaga. Hopefully, this will ensure that chaga does not get overharvested or exploited and that it will be available for many generations to come. RESPECT NATURE, embrace reciprocity!!! Harvesting sustainably and with intention will ensure you and the planet will enjoy chaga for lifetimes to come. Wild foods are generally more beneficial than cultivated, often with much higher amounts of bioavailable nutrients, vitamins and minerals. Cultivated mushrooms are OK, but my preference is wild wood grown chaga since it is much more adaptogenic and true to nature than cultivated types.
Chaga mushroom extract powder by SuperFeast.
One of my current favourite Australian-based companies SuperFeast ensures that their chaga is Di Tao sourced, meaning sourced wild or from small independent farmers in their natural habitats and their spiritual homeland. Interestingly, Chinese mushroom sourcing from remote/rural, pristine areas is currently more sustainable than Canadian and North American sourcing, and only wild structured water touches the herbs, never tap or municipal water; only spring, well and rain water. Care is taken to grow them with exposure to the weather, atmosphere, mycelium, insects, companion plants, wild soil and microorganisms with which the herbs of old were grown. SuperFeast’s extraction style is inspired by the ancient herbalists - they do not follow a pharmaceutical model, they do not isolate or standardise, and the herbs are treated uniquely, extracted using the traditional Hou Hou technique.
Use code ROOTTOSKY10 for 10% off anything at superfeast.com
Although mushrooms are often used on hazardous waste sites in the name of mycoremediation, habitat recovery, and breaking down many chemical contaminants, they can also easily harbour and concentrate heavy metals. Mushrooms from such sites should be avoided until they’ve been determined to be safe. You’ll also do well to avoid mushrooms grown near roadsides where exhaust fumes and asphalt supply arsenic to fungi.
Learn how to responsibly and sustainably harvest chaga:
How to Sustainably Harvest Chaga Mushroom
How to Harvest Chaga Correctly (Featuring Birch Polypore)
Chaga Mushroom by SuperFeast
How to Forage Wild Chaga Mushrooms - North Spore
How to Harvest Chaga - Expert tips from Annanda Chaga Mushrooms
If you’re ready for chaga, check in with your intention while taking it. Substances can be full of benefits, but it is ultimately up to the person taking them and how they’re going to live their life. Personally, I’m in my prime, I want to have fun, relax, and explore the world lightly while nomadic and working at my dream job in this season of my real life, not obsess or get myopic on a screen over micronutrients, food perfection, quantum biochemistry and constituents (though that can be fun to educate or help prove a point, too). Cultivating peace, enjoyment and relaxation while still holding a standard around foods matters more to vitality and wellness than the stress of food perfection. Dosage is also highly personal as you might be bigger or smaller, with a stronger or more sensitive constitution. Your body will let you know if you need more or less, and I encourage you to trust your body’s innate wisdom and intuition.
Consider learning how to muscle check for a deeper dive and a sense of autonomy and self-sufficiency into whether or not various substances can genuinely benefit your bioindividual body. The self-checking course by Neurological Networks can be beneficial as you go through life without spending money on endless specialists and practitioners - enabling you to just do the job and experience the benefits yourself. https://neurologicalnetworks.com/landing/selfchecking
I hope you enjoyed learning a bit about this magical mushroom that can potentiate the function of your entire being, leading down a path of extreme health and longevity. Don’t miss out on yourself.
Articles
Health Benefits of Chaga Tea on WebMD: https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-chaga-tea
Chaga Health Benefits on Huffpost: https://www.huffpost.com/entry/chaga-health-benefits-7-reasons-to-consume-this-mushroom_n_6108750be4b0497e670273d2
Chaga Benefits on Annanda Chaga: https://www.annandachaga.com/pages/chaga-benefits
Chaga mushroom on Healthline: https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/chaga-mushroom
How to harvest chaga on Annanada Chaga: https://www.annandachaga.com/pages/harvesting-chaga
Chaga Benefits - Andrew Weil, M.D.: https://www.drweil.com/diet-nutrition/nutrition/choose-chaga-mushrooms/
5 Reasons to Consider Chaga Mushrooms: https://naturopathic.org/news/565437/5-Reasons-to-Consider-Chaga-Mushrooms.htm
Could mushrooms be the cure for cancer? - The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2014/mar/02/could-mushrooms-cure-cancer
More Than A Mushroom - CBC News: https://newsinteractives.cbc.ca/longform/chaga-mushroom/
Chaga mushroom remedy gaining fans in Hay River, N.W.T. - CBC News: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/chaga-mushroom-remedy-gaining-fans-in-hay-river-n-w-t-1.2624538
Community works with elders to learn traditional remedies for cancer patients - CBC News: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/traditional-remedies-cancer-fort-good-hope-1.4137741
Chaga and melanin: https://chagalaboratories.com/blogs/news/how-to-protect-your-body-from-the-scorching-sun-and-prolong-the-skin-youth-with-chaga
Chaga benefits on the Food Network: https://www.foodnetwork.com/healthyeats/healthy-tips/what-are-mushroom-adaptogens-lions-mane-reishi-chaga
Everything you need to know about chaga - The Chalkboard Mag: https://thechalkboardmag.com/chaga-mushroom-how-to-use-this-immunity-boosting-superfood-why/
Books
Hobbs, C. (2003). Medicinal Mushrooms. Storey Publishing. https://www.amazon.ca/Medicinal-Mushrooms-Christopher-Hobbs/dp/1570671435 , https://christopherhobbs.com/library/articles-on-herbs-and-health/medicinal-mushrooms-3/
Stamets, P. (2005). Mycelium Running. Ten Speed Press. https://www.amazon.ca/Mycelium-Running-Mushrooms-Help-World/dp/1580085792
Videos
Scientific Advisor and Energy Medicine Specialist Dr. Karl Maret talks about the natural benefits found in Chaga International's Wildcrafted Siberian Chaga extract
RHR: Medicinal Mushrooms, Gut Microbiota, Blood Sugar, Root-Causeism, and Nutrient Deficiency
Chaga Mushroom | Mini-Intensive w. Yarrow Willard Cl.H. | Harmonic Arts
Chaga Mushroom Benefits are explained in detail by Karl Maret, MD
Research
Chaga mushroom on Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center https://www.mskcc.org/cancer-care/integrative-medicine/herbs/chaga-mushroom
Recent Developments in Inonotus obliquus (Chaga mushroom) Polysaccharides: Isolation, Structural Characteristics, Biological Activities and Application https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8124789/
Continuous intake of the Chaga mushroom (Inonotus obliquus) aqueous extract suppresses cancer progression and maintains body temperature in mice https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4946216/
Chaga mushroom: a super-fungus with countless facets and untapped potential https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38116085/
Chaga mushroom extract suppresses oral cancer cell growth via inhibition of energy metabolism - Yeo, D., Yun, Y.G., Shin, SJ. et al. Chaga mushroom extract suppresses oral cancer cell growth via inhibition of energy metabolism. Sci Rep 14, 10616 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-61125-z
Chaga Mushroom: 5 Benefits and How to Make Chaga Tea - https://draxe.com/nutrition/chaga-mushroom/
Chaga and hepatitis https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22462058/
Chaga mushroom nutrition, benefits and risks: https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/318527
Betulinic acid for cancer treatment https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0753332221007733?via%3Dihub
Anti-cancer activity of chaga mushroom: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2023.1159516/full, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10154587/
Chaga mushroom triterpenoids as adjuncts to minimally invasive cancer therapies: A review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38046279/
Antioxidant effect and triterpenes in chaga can scavenge potentially damaging molecule DPPH https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15588653/
Anti-allergic effect of inotodiol, a lanostane triterpenoid from Chaga mushroom, via selective inhibition of mast cell function https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32035309/
Composition of Triterpenoids in Inonotus obliquus and Their Anti-Proliferative Activity on Cancer Cell Lines https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32899899/
Chaga mushroom has shown promising results for strengthening immune system and fighting cancer: https://www.webmd.com/diet/health-benefits-chaga-mushrooms
Chaga mushroom extract induces autophagy via the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway in breast cancer cells https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0378874121003081
Synergistic Cytotoxicity of Extracts of Chaga Mushroom and Microalgae against Mammalian Cancer Cells In Vitro https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1155/2024/7944378
The Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Chaga Extracts Obtained by Different Extraction Methods against LPS-Induced RAW 264.7 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35807453/
Chaga and lowering cholesterol https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/5305591
Chaga and melanin https://www.dl.begellhouse.com/journals/708ae68d64b17c52,3ff76b291e5f4359,4000bb317b94495e.html
Chaga as an immune booster https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3774877/
Chaga boosts exercise endurance https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/14/23/5007, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0254627215301266?via%3Dihub
Inhibitory and Acceleratory Effects of Inonotus obliquus on Tyrosinase Activity and Melanin Formation in B16 Melanoma Cells https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4145793/
Chaga and inflammation https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9268247/
Chaga Mushroom Triterpenoids as Adjuncts to Minimally Invasive Cancer Therapies: A Review https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375675717_Chaga_Mushroom_Triterpenoids_as_Adjuncts_to_Minimally_Invasive_Cancer_Therapies_A_Review
Chaga (Inonotus obliquus), a Future Potential Medicinal Fungus in Oncology? https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1534735418757912
Pasko, P., Kubica, P., Klimek, K., Ryszka, F., & Zagrodzki, P. (2012). Chaga mushroom extract inhibits oxidative DNA damage in lymphocytes of patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology, 47(6), 791–796. https://doi.org/10.3109/00365521.2012.668270
Shikov, A. N., Pozharitskaya, O. N., Krishtopina, A. S., Makarov, V. G., & Galambosi, B. (2016). Medicinal Plants of the Russian Pharmacopoeia; their history and applications. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 194, 151– 161. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.08.020
